Hiv And Its Effects On The World s Worst National Aids...

Since it’s discovery, HIV has spread relentlessly, bringing about the most devastating pandemic in recorded human history. This pandemic is obliterating the lives and livelihoods of millions of individuals worldwide, with more than 39 million people having died due to AIDS-related causes, 35 million people living with HIV and 2.1 million individuals being newly infected each year. Thus, each day an estimated 15,000 individuals are newly infected and this alarming rate is set to increase. In Swaziland, where gender inequality is pervasive, public services are weak and poverty is extensive, the situation is far worse. Twenty years after the first case of HIV was identified in the small country of Swaziland, the home of about a million people, it has the dubious distinction of having the world’s worst national AIDS epidemic. The earliest AIDS case in Swaziland was in 1986. In 1992, the first sentinel survey of antenatal clinic attendees was conducted, revealing a prevalence of 3.9%. Biannual surveys have subsequently tracked the exponential spread of the virus. By 2004, Swaziland, had the highest prevalence ever recorded. The small decrease in HIV prevalence in antenatal setting in 2006 was reversed in 2008, the reversal may be indicative of increased number of women accessing treatment, placing upward pressure on HIV prevalence by reducing the rate of AIDS deaths. As a result of HIV and AIDS in Swaziland, crude mortality rate rose from 0.9 percent from 1990-1995 to 1.6Show MoreRelatedHiv And Its Effects On Society1724 Words   |  7 PagesHIV Song Choi 76914396 Public Health 1 2016 Dr. Zuzana Bic Public Health Problem HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, belongs to a group of virus called retroviruses. HIV attacks the immune system and gradually causes greater and harmful damages. This means that without the proper care or treatment, a person who is affected by HIV is at a higher risk of developing infections and cancers than those who have a healthy immune system. HIV is an importantRead MoreAids Awareness3713 Words   |  15 PagesWhen AIDS first emerged, no-one could have predicted how the epidemic would spread across the world and how many millions of lives it would change. There was no real idea what caused it, and consequently, no real idea how to protect against it. Now, in 2004, we know from bitter experience that AIDS is caused by the virus HIV, and that it can devastate families, communities and whole continents. We have seen the epidemic knock decades off countries national development, widen the gulf between richRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids948 Words   |  4 Pages33. 3 million people are infected or living with HIV, of which 22.5 million are in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, of the2.5 million children in the world estimated to be living with HIV, 2.3 million are in sub-Saharan Africa. Southern Africa, the most affected region, includes a number of middle- and lower-middle-income nations known as the hyperendemic countries. In South Africa alone, there are about 5.7 million people living with HIV/AIDS. In Swaziland, 42 per cent of women attending antenatalRead MoreThe Human Immune Deficiency Virus1767 Words   |  8 PagesAdolescents and HIV in Atlanta Georgia The Human Immune-deficiency Virus is an epidemic that has devastated the world since its discovery in the year 1981. Over 30 million people in the US have succumbed to the epidemic while close to 1.1 million people are now living with the disease. Young people in the US are the most vulnerable group and are continually at high risk of contracting HIV and AIDS. About 39% of reported HIV cases are among youths aged between 13-29 years (Granich et al. 2011). VariousRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 PagesChongqing Bashu secondary school Guo fangzhu Chongqing Foreign Language School Li kexin Chongqing Foreign Language School †¢ 2015 Chongqing Seniors Model United Nations Committee †¢ 2015 Cmuns World Health Organization Background guide of World Health Organization 2012-2015 CMUNS Committee. All rights reserved Table of contents Welcome letter from the Secretary-General Welcome letter from the chair History of the committeeRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South Africa3308 Words   |  14 PagesAfrica was, and is still facing an exploding HIV/AIDS epidemic that, if anything, is highly associated with health care demands. Today, there are more than 5.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa, this accounts for more than 21.5% of the entire population (CIA World Fact book: 2006). This paper aims to understand how the health care sector has dealt with the challenges faced in dealing with immense inequalities and a growing epidemic in the context of globalization. FurthermoreRead MoreHiv/Aids in Nigeria6960 Words   |  28 PagesLITERATURE 2.0 INTRODUCTION HIV/AIDs has been ranked among the common disease of all times that is threatening us with the extinction of youths and adults. It is not only terrorizing the entire generation but also kills and leaves millions of orphans for the oldest grandparent to carter for. 2.1 HIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA According to USAID brief (2004), Nigerian epidemic is characterized by one of the most rapidly increasing rates of new HIV/AIDS cases in West Africa. Adult HIV prevalence increased fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Teenagers Being Sexually Active1082 Words   |  5 PagesDonovan Rooks Mrs. Meade English 101 3 November 2014 The Causes and Effects of Teenagers Being Sexually Active Sex before marriage, especially in the teenage years, is a growing disappointment and epidemic in today’s society. The common standard of â€Å"waiting until marriage† no longer applies to very many people in this day and age. The effects of teenagers being sexually active can be frightening. The causes, as well as the effects, are usually unknown or ignored by many. Sexually active teenagersRead MorePopulation Growth: the Negative Effect on Indian Society3809 Words   |  16 PagesPOPULATION GROWTH: THE NEGATIVE EFFECT ON INDIAN SOCIETY Introduction The study of population growth is very important in a country from the point of society of a country because human being constitute not only as an instrument of production but also end themselves. Its increase is largely depend on some demographic factor like marriage, birth, death, migration etc. It is important to know the quantitative number of people and the growth of particular time with its effect on society negatively and positivelyRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv, Tuberculosis ) And Health Behaviour2898 Words   |  12 PagesCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES ( HIV, TUBERCULOSIS) AND HEALTH BEHAVIOUR ; INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES. MODULE: Advanced Communicable Diseases (HIV, HBV, HCV, TB), Substance Misuse and Health Behaviour: Interventions and Policies LEVEL: 7 MODULE CODE: MH70025W COURSE: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES : RISK ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTIONS FOR SUBSTANCE MISUSERS TUTOR: Dr Duncan Stewart Luisa Perrino STUDENT NUMBER : 21257385 WORD COUNT: 3,342 â€Æ' The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus

Book Review of Domestic Violence - 1329 Words

Book Review on â€Å"Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren’t Supposed to Know† Written By: Thomas James T.B. James has written a hard-hitting and incisive book focusing on current myths about domestic violence in the United States that turns the conventional approach on its ear (Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren’t Supposed to Know, 2003). A practicing attorney in Minnesota and founder/director of Better Resolutions Mediation Service, James’s short, quotable book focuses on empirical studies and an extensive review of the literature to make a powerful argument that women are as violent as men, while our legal system is biased against men and refuses to hold females accountable when they are†¦show more content†¦In the domestic violence research world, feminist assumptions-many contradicting better designed studies or more reliable crime data- have tremendous influence on how questions are framed, what questions are asked, who is surveyed, and how slanted data are then interpreted to support these pre-existing assumptions. Such studies are based on a circul ar logic that calls women victims and men batterers (James, 2003). As an example, James cites studies that ask women to report if they have ever been abused according to an extremely generous definition of abuse, then assumes that all instances of abuse reported has been, naturally, perpetrated by their male domestic partners. This data is then reported as reliable, and more importantly, valid. The data is then interpreted to make questionable or untenable conclusions that support the original, simplistic assumptions (James, 2003). James portrays a legal system apparently so intent on correcting past injustices against women that males are now consistently held to a much tougher standard. Not only are females given the benefit of the doubt, much of their violence is viewed as purely defensive or due to factors excusing them from responsibility when they are violent. Many people in our justice system have bought into specious arguments supporting a gender-based mythology as well as uncritically accepting as truth a specific ideology that not only skewsShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Against Women.1262 Words   |  6 PagesNguyen Race Law Prof TA december 11, 2014 Domestic Violence against Women Domestic violence is a big social issue in the United States today, as well as all over the world. Domestic violence can be between sibling abuse, elder abuse, spouse abuse, and of course child abuse. But when one talks about spouse abuse it is not just from a marital stand point, but also a dating partner who is in an intimate relationship with each other. Domestic violence is not simply hitting, fighting, verbal argumentRead MoreIntroduction. Domestic Violence Remains A Serious And Widespread1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Domestic violence remains a serious and widespread crime problem in Australia, causing substantial social, emotional and economic costs to victims, families and communities (Morgan Chadwick, 2009). Social values and attitudes towards domestic violence have changed over time, and while it was once regarded as a private matter, today domestic violence is considered socially unacceptable and a legal rather than a civil matter. Although there have been significant reforms in policy andRead MoreMedia Aggression And Aggressive Behavior Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesI found that this review examined just how aggression and aggressive behavior is depicted in the media and how this impacts society’s perspectives and thoughts when it comes to aggression behavior. There was a review of the literature by the authors, in which they analyzed the relational and physical aspects of aggression in many media aspects (film, broadcast television, music, books, and video games). Findings acr oss media types, the evidence finds that both physical and relational aggressionRead MoreDomestic Marital Abuse Against Women1697 Words   |  7 PagesSilenced Cry: Domestic Marital Abuse against Women In the United States, there are about ten people who die from domestic violence every single day. The U.N identifies October as National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. What happens when ‘Home’ is not the safest place to be? Domestic abuse occurs across the world, in various cultures and affects society, irrespective of their economic status. Behaviors that are adopted by a person to control their partner in a relationship refers to domestic violenceRead MoreWomen During The Hispanic Culture Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages2012). Domestic violence is an issue that has not been given much attention in the Hispanic culture as it is seen as a norm. Domestic violence is defined â€Å"as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner† (justice.gov). Hispanics are affected more than the non-Hispanic populations when it comes to the consequences domestic violence brings and also the constant occurrence of domestic violence in theRead MoreThesis: Domestic Violence and Credible Source1677 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Thesis Statement Studies have shown that an increasing trend of domestic violence is being perpetrated in heterosexual households. Many of these cases involve the male abusing the female, and the female actively attempting to maintain an outward appearance of normalcy despite the silent suffering. This outward image is nothing but a cover to maintain an illusion to the world that everything is good in the relationship, and also in many cases for fear of further abuse for drawing attention toRead MoreResearch Article On Domestic Violence1080 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Article Assignment #2 (75 points) Name: Devon Bratton-Blaniar Group Topic: Domestic Violence Due Date: 3-17-16 General Instructions: Choose a research article from a Family Studies journal. SUBMIT your article on D2L at least 2 days before you submit your assignment. Answer the following questions in detail in the spaces provided. Save your document and include your last name in the place of the word â€Å"lastname†. Make sure you consult the Research Assignment Guidelines prior to completingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Domestic violence has had a traumatic affect on the lives of millions of people in the United States alone (Carretta, 2010, p. 28). Bryant Furlow (2010) states that domestic violence is any physical, psychological or sexual abuse endured by a current/former spouse, intimate partner or simply anyone who is abusing another family member. According to Furlow (2010) domestic violence incorporates elder abuse, child abuse and intimate partner violence. Although domestic violence can affect all membersRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is A Crime Against Humanity1246 Words   |  5 Pagesprove that society is ignoring the violence towards them despite the research evidence, the government sanctions mass killings of them, and that this type of violence affects humans on a large scale (Plant, Schaik, Gullone, Flynn 2016). Although dispositional factors such as empathy and aggression may influence animal cruelty, we must look at the environmental factors that lead to the negative effects from a macro-level perspective. In this analysis, I will review whether exposure to animal crueltyRead MoreResearch Proposal- Alcohol Abuse Leads to Domestic Violence1471 Words   |  6 PagesDetermining whether Alcohol abuse leads to Domestic Violence Abstract This study seeks to analyze and examine the effects that alcohol abuse may have on domestic violence cases. The main goal of this study is to determine whether or not alcohol or alcohol abuse really has an affect on people and if it causes domestic violence or not. This study will be helpful in many ways and instances and it will help those who are still wondering whether or not these to completely different social

Ccea as Biology Coursework an Investigation to Measure Free Essays

An investigation to measure the percentage light transmission, using a colorimeter, through a solution, from pH 2 – pH 9, in which jelly cubes were immersed over a 24 hour period Interpretation Written Communication of the Data C1 Pepsin is an enzyme that works in the stomach and has an optimal pH between pH 1 and 4 or in acidic conditions. From our graph it can be seen that that the lowest mean percentage light transmission for pepsin is when the buffer has a pH of 2. Trypsin is an enzyme that works in the small intestine and has an optimum pH between pH 7 and 8 or in neutral conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ccea as Biology Coursework: an Investigation to Measure or any similar topic only for you Order Now From our graph it can be seen that the lowest mean percentage light transmission for trypsin is when the buffer has a pH of 8. C2 and C3 As the pH of the pepsin buffer increases from pH 2 to pH 9 so too does the percentage light transmission through the buffer solution after a 24 hour period. Although when the trypsin buffer has a pH between pH 2 and 8 the percentage light transmission through the buffer solution after a 24 hour period decreases, but from pH 8 to pH 9 the percentage light transmission through the buffer solution after a 24 hour period increases. At a low pH (pH 2) the amount of gelatine broken down by the pepsin is high. We can tell this as this is when there is a low mean percentage light transmission (16. 86%) because a lot of colour of the jelly will leak in the solution causing the colour to be deeper. But at a higher pH (pH 9) the amount of gelatine broken down by the pepsin is low. We can tell this as this as there is a low mean percentage light transmission is high (34. 14%) because a little colour of the jelly will leak in the solution causing the colour to be lighter. At a low pH (pH 2) the amount of gelatine broken down by the trypsin is low so this means there is a high mean percentage light transmission (41. 5%) because a little colour of the jelly will leak in the solution causing the colour to be lighter. At a high pH (pH9) the amount of gelatine broken down by the trypsin is high so this means that there is a low mean percentage light transmission (29%) because a lot of colour of the jelly will leak in the solution causing the colour to be deeper. C4 and C5 An enzyme is a biological ca talyst which speeds up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change. Most enzymes are globular proteins and contain active sites. The active site is the part of the enzyme which combines with the substrate. Enzymes are specific which means that one enzyme will work on one substrate. All enzymes work best at a particular pH, their optimum pH. The proteins structure of the enzyme is altered in a more alkaline or acidic solution than the specific optimum pH. When an enzyme structure is altered it cannot fit successfully with the substrate. Activity is therefore limited to a few enzyme molecules that are still unaltered or may totally stop. The protein digesting enzymes, pepsin and trypsin, will hydrolyse the substrate, gelatine. This substrate is a major component of jelly. When a coloured jelly, such as raspberry, is exposed to a protein digesting enzyme, the colour is released into the solution as the gelatine is broken down. The intensity of the colouring released into the buffer can be estimated with a colorimeter. Trypsin is often found naturally in neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Therefore the most enzyme activity and most colour is released from the jelly would be expected at a pH 7 or 8 and in solutions above or below this pH there would be less colour released. Pepsin is often found naturally in very acidic conditions. Therefore the most enzyme activity and most colour is released from the jelly would be expected at a pH 1 or 2 and in solutions above or below this pH there would be less colour released. Evaluation D1 I consider my results to be appropriate in meeting the aims of the investigation because we used a colorimeter. This measures the percentage light transmission as a numerical value. It is more appropriate than measuring the light intensity by eye as some of the results looked extremely similar and it could be hard to distinguish between samples. It is also more appropriate than measuring the percentage change in mass of the jelly cube before and after the 24 hour period as it is difficult to extract what is left of the jelly and it is not as accurate. D2 In order to try to obtain accurate results a number of procedures had to be carried out; †¢ Firstly, we used the same specimen of jelly. Although the jelly is from the same company there could be a difference in the composition of gelatine. If this was allowed to happen it could mean that it would take longer to break down some samples than others. This would then affect the overall results of the experiment as it would create an anomaly. †¢ Secondly, we also used a colorimeter which is extremely accurate when it comes to measuring the percentage light transmission. As it measures the percentage light transmission as a numerical value. †¢ Thirdly, we only handled the side of the cuvette as if we touched the front where the light passed through it would affect how much light passed through as it will leave a finger print on the glass and make it harder for the light to pass through. †¢ Fourthly, we kept the temperature at a constant 25 °C using a water bath. At low temperatures, an increase in temperature causes an exponential increase in enzyme activity. This is because an increase in temperature provides more kinetic energy for the collisions of enzymes and substrates, so the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes increases. At high temperatures (above 40 °C), an increase in temperature causes a sharp decline in enzyme activity. This is because the bonds holding the tertiary structure of the enzyme are broken and so the active site is denatured. †¢ We tried to use the same amount of jelly as this could affect the substrate concentration. If the surface area of the substrate increases it means that it has an increased substrate concentration. As the substrate concentration increases so too does the enzyme activity. This is because a greater concentration of substrate increases the chances of collisions and the formation of enzyme substrate complexes. D3 Although the experiment was as fair as it could have been, there were some factors that were beyond our control; †¢ Firstly, we could not accurately cut the cubes into equal sizes as we did not have the equipment to make a straight incision. This would increase the surface area of the substrate which will increase the substrate concentration. This would increase the enzyme activity as it will increase the chance of collision between the enzyme and substrate and more enzyme substrate complexes can be formed. †¢ Secondly, we could not check the temperature of the water bath on a regular basis as the experiment was carried out over a 24 hour period. If the temperature had went above 25 °C it would increase the rate of reaction as it provides more kinetic energy for the collision of the enzyme and the substrate, so the rate at which enzyme-substrate complexes form is increased. Although, if the temperature decreased below 25 °C it would have the opposite effect. It would slow the rate of reaction as it will provide less kinetic energy for the collision of enzymes and the substrate, so the rate at which enzyme-substrate complexes form is decreased. D4 and D5 My experiment is reliable as it was repeated six times in the form of the pooled class result and all of the results seemed to follow the same general trend. Although, if we had more time we may have been able to do the experiment again which would make the average or mean more accurate. However, there were a few anomalies among the group results. As you can see from table 1, in the test for trypsin at pH 9, group 2’s result decreased from the previous result (pH 8) whereas every other group increased except for group 3 who’s stayed the same as the previous result (pH 8). This could be caused from a fingerprint being put on the cuvette where the light passes through; this could lower the percentage light transmission through the solution as it will cover the glass. How to cite Ccea as Biology Coursework: an Investigation to Measure, Essay examples

Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner. Answer: Introduction: Administrative law is considerably the only discipline that seeks to address the legality and morality of actions that may be taken by people and agencies which are mandated with power. This discipline therefore seeks to control and ensure the conformity to the laid principles and that decisions management or actions made can be accounted for. Administrative decisions are one of the most controversial decisions in both legal and scholarly debates. There is a general consensus that decisions are a result of a process that should when examined based on their merits will adequately justify the result reached. This happens so to ensure that Executive acts conform to the law in that each act should plausibly provide a reasonable explanation in order warrant an explanation of powers exercised by state or the agencies of state and even public officers. Every law requires, however unreasoned, irrational, illogical management, or unreasonable they may be, that such reasons when examined , will make no difference if another person in a capacity of a decision-maker might have been able enough to reason the issue in question to that conclusion. When the courts come to interpret the constitutionality of certain decisions it is called a judicial review which determines the conformity of conducts of an administrative agency actions to the laid down law. Judicial review by a court looks only at the lawfulness or legality of the decision its legal merits, you might say, putting aside the policy merits of the decision as a matter outside the portfolio of the courts. This essay will examine the steps that would be taken to challenge the decision of the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation Flying Dragon Airlines and the decision by the Attorney Generals Department to indict Thor on New charges. It is a general counsel to also challenge their legality by examining the existing legal arguments. In this essay, Flying Dragon Airlines and Thor Thorson will be referred to as Appellant One and Appellant Two respectively. The client Flying Dragon Airlines to appeal the decision by the Minister by seeking a judicial review on the interpretation of the decisions of the Minister pursuant to article 101 and article `103 and for the merits of an administrative decision by the Minister its operations. As an advocate for the Flying Dragon Airline herein, the Appellant One, it would be necessary to advise the client to seek an interpretation of the court on the legality of this decision by looking the issues of concern that the said decision is ought to be premised on and how their possible violation led to the said decision. Such violation The Appellant One, therefore, would seek clarification on a possible commission of contravention of law based on; broad ultra vires, narrow ultra vires, denial of a procedural justice and fairness and if there was an erroneous commission of illegality management in the process of a decision-making. The Appellant One would be advised also to seek a court injunction to stop the decision from being effected and find fault with the decision to suspend its operations. In this instance, Flying Dragon Airlines would consider asking the court to find fault with the Ministers actions as violating the spirit (the moral obligation} and the letter (the constitutionality) of the provision of the said Air Flights Act 2017. To this effect, therefore, the court will be asked to determine that any action within the framework of the statutory power, the Ministers decisions exceeded some of the provisions of the Acts in question or in a way that would be deemed by the court as inappropriate. Inviting court to look into issues that would amount to be types of errors that the courts began to identify under this notion of broader ultra vires based on these issues: Whether the Minister acted on evidence; Whether the Minister acted unreasonably; Whether the Minister misused his exercise of discretionary powers Whether the Minister acted out of malice The law or statutory Acts provide for individuals or state agencies to act within the scope of the powers provided for them expressly or to act in a way that does follow the prescribed method. If an agency acts outside this scope of its statutory powers or in contravention of these powers then these the legitimacy of these powers must be questioned and subjected to review. If a statute requires the agency to do something in a particular way, and it does it in some other way, it has also acted beyond its powers. IT would be of judicial significance to ask the court to interrogate whether the Minister acted in contravention of this said Act by misusing his discretionary powers. No evidence as a ground for the suspension of Flying Dragon Airlines In this principle, any decision must be made upon establishment of evidence subject an independent investigation process that may bring incriminating issues on the conduct of the affected party. [4] This provides the ground for misuse of discretionary power and is seemingly one of the bases of the violation of the letter of the law by acts of ulterior acts. It was not proper for the Minister to have relied on an article appearing on a newspaper column that suggested Alice had knowledge that their flights were unsafe. In my opinion and in the words of Alice her decision to advise her nephew Julian out of applying for a job as a fight steward with Flying Dragon was informed by her good will of not wanting to appear nepotistic and conflict of interest. That the Minister did not process an investigation that would be sufficient to suspend all flights by Flying Dragon Airlines, ABN 111-000-000. It is evident that the response given by Alice her letter on 21 July 2018 to the Ministers letter of inquiry 15 July 2018. Preceding the Ministers decision to suspend the airline was based on an anonymous and analogous evidence presented on an unknown and unofficial site by pseudo-individual. This would not meet the evidential threshold to inform his decisions. A decision-maker need to advise a party of adverse tentative findings or give a person who might be adversely affected a draft report to comment on their take before a decision is finally reached. [5] Justice Doussa J. found it significant that any actions that affect any party be in conflict or for whatever application before any agency must be noted of the findings and the consequences of such findings. In this the appellant herein, Flying Dragon Airline would seek to challenge any logic of an exercise of a statutory power on by the person in question and in this case the Minister. Establishing here is that the reason or motive for the decision is to be deduced by an extrapolation of facts upon which such a decision would be based. If established that a decision is improperly made and abuse of power deduced to have occurred, the only justification for the existence of abuse of power in the process of making a decision upon inferred facts, then, that decision has to be rendered null.[6] It is absurd and so injurious to the decision that the Minister not only on no evidence basis but also in the interest of his informant who is a cousin of a CEO of a rival airline, Victory Airlines. What one would deduce from this is that the failure by the Minister to give an evidentiary suspension did not only show malice but also a misuse of power bestowed on him or her. The decision of suspension would only be appropriately reached if such a decision would be an end-product of an investigation. And that failure to conduct such an investigation made the establishment of fact hard for proof. The court should find this decision irrational as it is merely based on speculation and some unknown website printout from a pseudo-author in the case of Appellant One. Citing the authority a decision can be invalidated of for being unreasonable when found to be containing irreconcilable arithmetical mistakes. The decision here should be invalidated as being unreasonable as it broadly depends on the Pseudo-web print outs or bureaucratic nature of the Minister of wanting the airline to pay for not responding to his letter as he had expected. Similarly, the prosecutors arguments in Appellant Twos case seem to be unreasonable enough not to understand the rationale of double-jeopardy and the fact that the courts had acquitted them on every ground seemingly presented before the court by the prosecution on their failure to conclusively make their case against him. It must not be misconstrued that the Appellant One recognizes the Minister as a very reasonable decision-maker. The argument is that the decision to suspend the airline must be seen as an unreasonable decision, not because the decision-maker was unreasonable, but because the decision-maker made a mistake of law. [7] Consequently, Appellant Twos case finds the decision as bad as it is due to the unreasonableness of even jeopardizing his situation by downing the flight he was to be board on the eve of his departure. The prosecutors argument is also prejudicial. The independent grounds that have been identified points to several issues including fraud and bad faith under the review of Administrative Decisions Judicial Review Acts in the legal world. It is no doubt that is an ongoing debate and consideration. The grounds here seek to fact-find that a discretionary power or statutory power bestowed on an agency or individual is enforced in a way that shows malice, untruthful, or even ill motives. Here the Minister by seeming to subvert the rule of law for a fair hearing and not providing a detailed reason for the suspension of the airline seems to act in bad faith, surprisingly to the advantage of the rival airlines. Established in this case is an instance where an administrator with ulterior motives or intentions thereby eliciting the reason to believe that the Minister misuses a statutory power for the purpose of defeating the statutory rights of Original inhabitants of the region in question therein under the laws that provide for the fundamental land rights for all individuals. Presumed, apprehended, apparent or ostensible bias This form of bias arises from situations which elicit a reason for suspicion or even an establishment of bias from any fair-minded observer.[10] One who by all ideals have no interest in the said process but would be a fair judge in his or her own evaluation. The labeled allegations were barely malicious to edge the competitor airline out of business so that to give his a competitive advantage of the market. The Minister seemingly acted of bias in favour of the rival company, Victory Airlines, whose director is the informant to the Minister and a public servant. It would be advisable for Appellant Two to seek a judicial review on the merits of such eminent prosecution. The argument is that Thor had been acquitted. And arresting him would only mean a case of double-jeopardy. Whether these two are inter-related or not, is not suffice the Ministers decision to suspend the flight. But again it would be in bad faith for the prosecutor to try to indict Thor of other crimes based on the same evidence that had suffered a judicial and procedural deficiency. It is therefore in the best interests of the letter of the law that Thor file a demurrer to evidence and double-jeopardy motions with the appellate court. Thus, an acquittal would mean that any cause and course to indict Thor of any charges is prohibited under double jeopardy principles. On the demurrer to evidence, Thor can find fault with the evidence provided by the prosecution. Bibliography Round, Tom, Study Guide for LAW00117 Administrative Law (School of Law Justice; Southern Cross University, 2016) Rares, Steven. Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions; Should There be a 21st-Century Rethink? (Speech, UNSW, 15 October 2014. Federal Court of Australia.) www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/justice-rares/rares-j-20141015. Accessed on 28 September 2017. Ashbridge Investments v Minister of Housing and Local Government (1965) 1 WLR 1320. In R v Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner; Ex parte Moore (1965) 1 QB 456; In Coleen Properties v Minister of Housing and Local Government (1971) 1 WLR 433. Meadows v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1998) 90 FCR 370, www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1998/1706.html Thompson v Randwick Municipal Corporation, (1950) 81 CLR 87 [9.2.14C], www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1950/33. National Trust of Australia v Minister for Lands, Planning and Environment (1997) 142 FLR 125, www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nt/NTSC/1997/177.html Minister for Primary Industries Energy v Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd (1993) 40 FCR 381, www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1993/45. Jones, Melinda Douglas, Roger Neil. Douglas and Jones's Administrative Law (Annandale N.S.W: The Federation Press, 2002) Connolly Anthony J, The Foundations of Australian Public Law (Cambridge Port Melbourne, VIC Cambridge University Press, 2017) R v Toohey (Aboriginal Land Commissioner); Ex parte Northern Land Council,(1981) 151 CLR 170 [2.3.10C] Livesey v NSW Bar Association (1983) 151 CLR 288 [10.5.25C], www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1983/17.html Demurrer to evidence. (In BATASnatin library. n.d.), https://www.batasnatin.com/law-library/remedial-law/criminal-procedure/653-demurrer-to-evidence.html